• Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other.
• Gender is a social construct, and so gender varies from society to society and can change over time.

• Online means using the internet to do things on a computer, tablet, or phone.
• Online can also mean being connected to the internet.
• A device (like a computer, mobile or tablet) is “online” if it is connected to the internet.
• When you stream a video or show, play games on the internet or use a website or app, you are “online”.

• Bacteria are microscopic living organisms that have only one cell.
• There are millions (if not billions) of different types of bacteria.
• Bacteria can be found all over the world, including in your body. They’re on your skin and in your airways and mouth.
• Many types of bacteria are helpful.

• A microscopic living thing that can cause disease.
• Germs are found everywhere, including in the air, water, soil, on plants and animals, and on surfaces and objects.
• Germs can also be found in your body and on your skin.

• A cream or lotion rubbed on to the skin to protect it from the sun.
• Note we tend to say “sunscreen” and not “suncream” because sunscreen is designed to protect (screen) us from the sun.

• Ultraviolet light is a type of radiation that has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than visible light.
• It can be emitted by the sun, tanning beds, and other artificial sources.
• Getting too much UV due to sun exposure can be harmful, but in moderation exposure to the sun is beneficial.
• UV light is not visible.

• Nipples are 2 small bumps on each side of the chest. They’re a different colour to the rest of the chest.
• Both males and females have nipples.
• Nipples can be different shapes, sizes and colours in different people.
• During female puberty, the areas of the chest around the nipples grow into breasts.
• In females, the nipple is where milk comes out when breastfeeding a baby.

• The penis is a male organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The penis is used for urination (peeing).
• The penis is a private body part.

• Two oval-shaped male body parts.
• The testicles hang behind the penis.
• They’re in a loose, soft sack of skin called the scrotum.
• Testicles are a private body part.

• The vulva is a female organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The vulva is outside the body between the legs. It has different parts, including:
  • the opening where urine (pee) comes out
  • the opening to the vagina
• The vulva is a private body part.

• Online means using the internet to do things on a computer, tablet, or phone.
• Online can also mean being connected to the internet.
• A device (like a computer, mobile or tablet) is “online” if it is connected to the internet.
• When you stream a video or show, play games on the internet or use a website or app, you are “online”.

• Eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions.
• Is important for good health and nutrition.
• Can help protect against diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

• Something that is not healthy.
• Something that is harmful to your health.

• A deep breathing technique that uses a square shape to help you keep track of your breaths.
• Can be a fun way to teach deep breathing to kids.
• Deep breathing can help you calm down, lower stress, and get more oxygen into your bloodstream.

In a relationship a boundary is a “limit” or a “rule” and can be physical or emotional

Setting a boundary is defining what feels acceptable, respectful and safe for you. Examples can include:

• Communicating a need for personal space
• Communicating a preference for communication i.e. not shouting
• Communicating a time limit

• The repetitive, intentional hurting of one person or group by another person or group, where the relationship involves an imbalance of power.
• Bullying can be physical or emotional.
• Bullying can take place online or offline.

• A positive relationship where all the people involved are happy to see and spend time with certain people.
• In a healthy relationship there is trust and respect.

• A negative relationship where one or more people in the relationship:
  • are treated badly, and/or
  • feel they are treated badly

• The legal process that transfers all the birth parent’s responsibilities to the adoptive parents.
• The adopted child becomes a new member of the adoptive family.
• The adopted child receives the same rights as if they were born into that family.
• The birth parents of the child lose all rights and responsibilities for the child.
• It is better to say ‘was adopted’ than ‘is adopted’.

• Nipples are 2 small bumps on each side of the chest. They’re a different colour to the rest of the chest.
• Both males and females have nipples.
• Nipples can be different shapes, sizes and colours in different people.
• During female puberty, the areas of the chest around the nipples grow into breasts.
• In females, the nipple is where milk comes out when breastfeeding a baby.

Penis

(Years 1 – 4)

• The penis is a male organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The penis is used for urination (peeing).
• The penis is a private body part.

Testicles

(Years 1 – 4)

• Two oval-shaped male body parts.
• The testicles hang behind the penis.
• They’re in a loose, soft sack of skin called the scrotum.
• Testicles are a private body part.

Vulva

(Years 1 – 4)

• The vulva is a female organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The vulva is outside the body between the legs. It has different parts, including:
  • the opening where urine (pee) comes out
  • the opening to the vagina
• The vulva is a private body part.

• Consent means agreeing to or giving permission for something.
• If someone asks if they can touch us and we say “yes” then we are giving consent. If we say “no” this means we do not consent.
• If we ask someone if we can touch them and they say “yes” then they are giving “consent”. If they say “no” this means they do not consent.
• Your body belongs to you. You can say “yes” or “no” to any touches.
• Important: We cannot give consent to someone touching our private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• We should not ask to touch someone else’s private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• If someone asks to see or touch your private parts, always tell an adult you trust and who makes you feel safe.

• Online means using the internet to do things on a computer, tablet, or phone.
• Online can also mean being connected to the internet.
• A device (like a computer, mobile or tablet) is “online” if it is connected to the internet.
• When you stream a video or show, play games on the internet or use a website or app, you are “online”

• Factor is short for “Sun Protection Factor”
• A rating that measures how well sunscreen protects your skin from UV light (UV rays). E.g. “Factor 30” means it would take you 30 times longer to burn if you weren’t wearing sunscreen.

• A cream or lotion rubbed on to the skin to protect it from the sun.
• Note we tend to say “sunscreen” and not “suncream” because sunscreen is designed to protect (screen) us from the sun.

• Ultraviolet light is a type of radiation that has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than visible light.
• It can be emitted by the sun, tanning beds, and other artificial sources.
• Getting too much UV due to sun exposure can be harmful, but in moderation exposure to the sun is beneficial.
• UV light is not visible.

• Eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions.
• Is important for good health and nutrition
• Can help protect against diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

• These are the body’s natural pain relievers and mood boosters.
• They are produced in your brain and act as messengers in your body.
• Endorphins are produced to help relieve pain, reduce stress and improve mood.

• This is a chemical in the body that helps with various bodily functions, including mood, sleep, digestion, and even blood clotting.
• Serotonin is often called the “happy chemical” because it contributes to feelings of well-being and happiness.
• A healthy diet is a key factor in serotonin production, other factors like being out in the daylight, exercising, and sleeping can also improve serotonin levels.

• Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other.
• Gender is a social construct and so gender varies from society to society and can change over time.”

• Nipples are 2 small bumps on each side of the chest. They’re a different colour to the rest of the chest.
• Both males and females have nipples.
• Nipples can be different shapes, sizes and colours in different people.
• During female puberty, the areas of the chest around the nipples grow into breasts.
• In females, the nipple is where milk comes out when breastfeeding a baby.

• The penis is a male organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The penis is used for urination (peeing).
• The penis is a private body part.

• Two oval-shaped male body parts.
• The testicles hang behind the penis.
• They’re in a loose, soft sack of skin called the scrotum.
• Testicles are a private body part.

• The vulva is a female organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The vulva is outside the body between the legs. It has different parts, including:
  • the opening where urine (pee) comes out
  • the opening to the vagina
• The vulva is a private body part.

• A microscopic living thing that can cause disease.
• Germs are everywhere, including in the air, water, soil, on plants and animals as well as on surfaces and objects.
• Germs can also be found in your body and on your skin.”

• The penis is a male organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The penis is used for urination (peeing).
• The penis is a private body part.

• Puberty is the time in life when someone’s body changes from a child to a young adult.
• Puberty often lasts for 4 to 5 years.
• The changes that happen at puberty help get someone’s body ready to be able to reproduce (make a baby).

• The vulva is a female organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The vulva is outside the body between the legs. It has different parts, including:
  • the opening where urine (pee) comes out
  • the opening to the vagina
• The vulva is a private body part.

• Consent means agreeing to or giving permission for something.
• If someone asks if they can touch us and we say “yes” then we are giving consent. If we say “no” this means we do not consent.
• If we ask someone if we can touch them and they say “yes” then they are giving “consent”. If they say “no” this means they do not consent.
• Your body belongs to you. You can say “yes” or “no” to any touches.
• Important: We cannot give consent to someone touching our private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• We should not ask to touch someone else’s private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• If someone asks to see or touch your private parts, always tell an adult you trust and who makes you feel safe.

• Consent means agreeing to or giving permission for something.
• If someone asks if they can touch us and we say “yes” then we are giving consent. If we say “no” this means we do not consent.
• If we ask someone if we can touch them and they say “yes” then they are giving “consent”. If they say “no” this means they do not consent.
• Your body belongs to you. You can say “yes” or “no” to any touches.
• Important: We cannot give consent to someone touching our private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• We should not ask to touch someone else’s private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• If someone asks to see or touch your private parts, always tell an adult you trust and who makes you feel safe.

• Online means using the internet to do things on a computer, tablet, or phone.
• Online can also mean being connected to the internet.
• A device (like a computer, mobile or tablet) is “online” if it is connected to the internet.
• When you stream a video or show, play games on the internet or use a website or app, you are “online”

• A microscopic living thing that can cause disease.
• Germs are found everywhere, including in the air, water, soil, on plants and animals, and on surfaces and objects.
• Germs can also be found in your body and on your skin.

• These are the body’s natural pain relievers and mood boosters.
• They are produced in your brain and act as messengers in your body.
• Endorphins are produced to help relieve pain, reduce stress and improve mood.

• Information that helps to show who you are. For example:
  • Your name
  • Age
  • Address
  • Phone number
  • Email address
  • Photos
  • School records
  • Online usernames

• When someone tries to steal from you by getting you to give them personal information – such as passwords/login details – bank information and so on.
• Phishing can start via email, txt message, websites that pretend to be legitimate and so on.

• The repetitive, intentional hurting of one person or group by another person or group, where the relationship involves an imbalance of power.
• Bullying can be physical or emotional.
• Bullying can take place online or offline.

• The measures taken to protect yourself and/or other people from potential harm while using the internet and other digital technologies.
• Also known as internet safety, e-safety and cyber safety

A negative relationship where one or more people in the relationship:

• are treated badly, and/or
• feel they are treated badly

• A word created from the words ‘net’ (as in ‘internet’) and ‘etiquette’.
• Describes the rules of behaviour for respectful and appropriate communication on the internet.

• Information that shows who you are. For example:
  • Your name
  • Age
  • Address
  • Phone number
  • Email address
  • Photos
  • School records
  • Online usernames

• Consent means agreeing to or giving permission for something.
• If someone asks if they can touch us and we say “yes” then we are giving consent. If we say “no” this means we do not consent.
• If we ask someone if we can touch them and they say “yes” then they are giving “consent”. If they say “no” this means they do not consent.
• Your body belongs to you. You can say “yes” or “no” to any touches.
• Important: We cannot give consent to someone touching our private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• We should not ask to touch someone else’s private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• If someone asks to see or touch your private parts, always tell an adult you trust and who makes you feel safe.

• Consent means agreeing to or giving permission for something.
• If someone asks if they can touch us and we say “yes” then we are giving consent. If we say “no” this means we do not consent.
• If we ask someone if we can touch them and they say “yes” then they are giving “consent”. If they say “no” this means they do not consent.
• Your body belongs to you. You can say “yes” or “no” to any touches.
• Important: We cannot give consent to someone touching our private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• We should not ask to touch someone else’s private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• If someone asks to see or touch your private parts, always tell an adult you trust and who makes you feel safe.

The NSPCC pants rule:

• P – Privates are private
• A – Always remember your body belongs to you
• N – No means no
• T – Talk about secrets that upset you
• S – Speak up, someone can help

• Bacteria are microscopic living organisms that have only one cell.
• There are millions (if not billions) of different types of bacteria
• Bacteria can be found all over the world, including in your body. They’re on your skin and in your airways and mouth.
• Many types of bacteria are helpful – see slide 6.

• Microbes are tiny living things that can be found in water, soil and air and also in the human body.
• Some microbes make us ill yet others are useful or good for us.
• See slide 6 for more information

• The practice of keeping your body clean and healthy through regular washing and grooming.
• Good personal hygiene can help prevent the spread of illness and infection.
• Good personal hygiene can also make you feel happy about your appearance.

• Factor is short for “Sun Protection Factor”
• A rating that measures how well sunscreen protects your skin from UV light (UV rays)
  E.g. “Factor 30” means it would take you 30 times longer to burn if you weren’t wearing sunscreen.

• A cream or lotion rubbed on to the skin to protect it from the sun.
• Note we tend to say “sunscreen” and not “suncream” because sunscreen is designed to protect (screen) us from the sun.

• Ultraviolet light is a type of radiation that has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than visible light.
• It can be emitted by the sun, tanning beds, and other artificial sources.
• Getting too much UV due to sun exposure can be harmful, but in moderation exposure to the sun is beneficial.
• UV light is not visible.

• Information that helps to show who you are. For example:
  • Your name
  • Age
  • Address
  • Phone number
  • Email address
  • Photos
  • School records
  • Online usernames

• When someone tries to steal from you by getting you to give them personal information – such as passwords/login details – bank information and so on.
• Phishing can start via email, txt message, websites that pretend to be legitimate and so on.

• A feeling of fear or unease
• Anxiety can impact how we feel physically and mentally
• Common signs of anxiety include:
  • feeling tired, restless or grumpy
  • feeling shaky, dizzy or sweating more
  • being unable to concentrate or make decisions
  • trouble sleeping
  • worrying about the past or future, or thinking something bad will happen
  • headaches, tummy aches or muscle pain
  • dry mouth
  • pins and needles
  • noticing your heartbeat gets stronger, faster or irregular, or you get short of breath when you start feeling anxious
• Everyone experiences anxiety sometimes – it’s a natural response to feeling pressure
• Anxiety can become a problem if we start to spend a lot of time worrying a lot about small stuff or harmless situations

• A feeling such as happiness, love, fear, anger, or hatred
• Emotions can be caused by the situation you are in or by the people you are with.

• A substance produced by our bodies that helps us fight specific viruses and bacteria.
• When we get ill from a virus or bacteria, antibodies fight them off, which is how we get well again.

• Breasts typically start to grow during female puberty.
• They are the two soft, rounded parts of a girl’s or woman’s chest.
• It’s normal for different people to have different breast sizes and shapes.
• If a woman has a baby, the breasts start to make milk to feed the baby. When a baby is fed this way, it’s called breastfeeding.

• Special chemicals made by the body.
• They’re made in different parts of the body. Their job is to travel through the blood to another part of the body and tell it what to do.
• Puberty starts when the body begins to make hormones called “sex hormones”.
• Males and females make different types and amounts of hormones during puberty.

• A hormone mainly made by the ovaries in females.
• It’s responsible for many changes that happen during female puberty such as breasts growing, body shape changing and periods (menstruation) starting.
• Males make some oestrogen too, but at much lower levels than females do.

• A hormone mainly made by the ovaries in females.
• It works together with oestrogen during female puberty to help breasts grow.
• It helps the body get ready for a pregnancy as part of the menstrual cycle.
• It’s also needed during a pregnancy.

• Puberty is the time in life when someone’s body changes from a child to a young adult.
• Puberty often lasts for 4 to 5 years.
• The changes that happen at puberty help get someone’s body ready to be able to reproduce (make a baby).

• A hormone made mainly by the testicles in males.
• It’s responsible for many changes that happen during male puberty such as sperm production, facial hair starting to grow, and the voice getting deeper.

• A wet dream is when a male ejaculates while sleeping.
• The medical term for a wet dream is “nocturnal emission”.
• During puberty it’s normal for wet dreams to vary a lot, they may happen a few times a week or less often, and some boys never have them.
• Some boys may have them without noticing.

• To cause an egg to start to develop into a new young animal or plant by joining it with a male cell.
• Once an egg is fertilised by the sperm, it becomes an embryo which grows into a baby.
• Fertilisation is the action or process of fertilising an egg.

• The time from the first day of one period to the day before the next period starts.
• The menstrual cycle often lasts about 28 days but it’s normal for it to be shorter or longer.
• During the menstrual cycle the uterus lining gets thicker and an egg is released from one of the ovaries (ovulation).
• If the egg is not fertilised, the uterus lining breaks down. It comes out of the body through the vagina. This is a period.

• The time during a menstrual cycle when the egg is released from one of the ovaries.
• It travels down a fallopian tube to the uterus (womb).

• A period (menstruation) is normal bleeding from the vagina.
• It usually happens for around 2 to 7 days every month as part of the menstrual cycle.
• Starting to have periods is a normal part of puberty for females.

• The vagina is inside the female body. It is a stretchy tube.
• The opening to the vagina is in the vulva, and links the vulva outside the body to the womb inside.
• The womb is where a baby grows when someone is pregnant.
• Another name for the womb is the uterus.
• The vagina is part of the female reproductive system.
• The vagina has some important jobs.
  • It’s where blood comes out during a period
  • It’s the tube a baby can move down when it’s being born
  • A grown-up can use their vagina for having sexual intercourse
  • If sperm are released during sex, they will travel through the vagina to the womb to try and meet an egg.

• A type of reusable menstrual hygiene product.
• An alternative to disposable sanitary towels and menstrual cups.
• Because they can be reused, they are generally less expensive than disposable pads over time and reduce the amount of waste produced.

• Ejaculation is when a small amount of semen comes out of the erect penis.
• The amount varies, but it’s usually less than a teaspoonful.
• Semen is a fluid made by the body to help carry sperm out of the body.

• This is when a person touches their own private parts because it feels good.
• Masturbation is private.
• Some people masturbate, others don’t.

• An orgasm is a really good feeling in the private parts of the body. It can happen during masturbation or when having sex. Sometimes an orgasm can happen at night when you’re sleeping.
• People usually feel strong sensations in their private parts. Some people may feel really good in their whole body or feel tingly all over.
• Males often ejaculate (release) a small amount of liquid from their penis when they have an orgasm. The liquid is called semen and it has sperm in it.

• The penis is an organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The penis is part of the male reproductive system. The reproductive system includes all the body parts that help to make a baby.
• The penis is used for urinating (peeing).
• Grown-ups may use the penis for having sex.
• The penis is a private body part.
• The penis can feel good to touch. This should only be done in private.
• The penis is usually soft but can get harder and stick out from the body. This is called an erection.

• Semen is a whitish fluid that contains sperm.
• Semen comes out of the urethra (the same bit where pee comes out) when a male ejaculates.

• During puberty, the testicles start to make sperm.
• Sperm are tiny cells needed to make a baby. They are so small you can’t see them.
• Just a single sperm is needed to join with an egg and start a pregnancy (make a baby). This can happen when a male and female have sexual intercourse or with some help from a doctor.

• Two oval-shaped male body parts that hang behind the penis.
• They’re in a loose, soft sack of skin called the scrotum.
• The testicles are part of the male reproductive system. The reproductive system includes all the body parts that help to make a baby.
• During puberty, the testicles start to make sperm.
• If a sperm joins with an egg, it can start a pregnancy (make a baby). This can happen when a male and a female have sex, or with some help from a doctor.
• The testicles are a private body part.

• The tube that carries urine (pee) from the bladder to outside the body.
• In females the opening of the urethra (the bit where pee comes out) is part of the vulva. It’s near the opening of the vagina but is separate from the vagina.
• In males, the opening of the urethra (the bit where pee comes out) is at the tip of the penis.

• The vulva is a female organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The vulva is outside the body between the legs. It has different parts, including
  • the opening to the urethra (where pee comes out)
  • the opening to the vagina
  • the clitoris
• The vulva is part of the female reproductive system. The vulva can feel good to touch. This should only be done in private.
• The vulva is a private body part.

• A wet dream is when a male ejaculates while sleeping.
• The medical term for a wet dream is “nocturnal emission”.
• During puberty it’s normal for wet dreams to vary a lot, they may happen a few times a week or less often, and some boys never have them.
• Some boys may have them without noticing.

• Consent means agreeing to or giving permission for something.
• If someone asks if they can touch us and we say “yes” then we are giving consent. If we say “no” this means we do not consent.
• If we ask someone if we can touch them and they say “yes” then they are giving “consent”. If they say “no” this means they do not consent.
• Your body belongs to you. You can say “yes” or “no” to any touches.
• Important: We cannot give consent to someone touching our private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• We should not ask to touch someone else’s private body parts until we are both at least 16 years old.
• If someone asks to see or touch your private parts, always tell an adult you trust and who makes you feel safe.

• Ejaculation is when a small amount of semen comes out of the erect penis.
• The amount varies, but it’s usually less than a teaspoonful.
• Semen is a fluid made by the body to help carry sperm out of the body.

• To cause an egg to start to develop into a new young animal or plant by joining it with a male cell.
• Once an egg is fertilised by the sperm, it becomes an embryo which grows into a baby.
• Fertilisation is the action or process of fertilising an egg.

• An orgasm is a really good feeling in the private parts of the body. It can happen during masturbation or when having sex. Sometimes an orgasm can happen at night when you’re sleeping.
• People usually feel strong sensations in their private parts. Some people may feel really good in their whole body or feel tingly all over.
• Males often ejaculate (release) a small amount of liquid from their penis when they have an orgasm. The liquid is called semen and it has sperm in it.

• The time during a menstrual cycle when the egg is released from one of the ovaries.
• It travels down a fallopian tube to the uterus (womb).

• The penis is an organ. An organ is part of the body that does an important job.
• The penis is part of the male reproductive system. The reproductive system includes all the body parts that help to make a baby.
• The penis is used for urinating (peeing).
• Grown-ups may use the penis for having sex.
• The penis is a private body part.
• The penis can feel good to touch. This should only be done in private.
• The penis is usually soft but can get harder and stick out from the body. This is called an erection.

• Pregnancy is the time during which a baby grows inside a uterus.
• For humans, pregnancy lasts roughly 40 weeks.

• Pregnancy is split into 3 stages called trimesters
• Each trimester lasts roughly 3 months
  • First Trimester (0 to 13 Weeks)
  • Second Trimester (14 to 26 Weeks)
  • Third Trimester (27 to 40 Weeks)
• Each trimester marks the different stages of the development of the foetus

• Sex is something grown-ups can do together by touching each other’s sexual body parts.
• Sexual intercourse is when a person puts their erect penis into another person’s vagina.
• Sexual intercourse is a way for grown-ups to make a baby together.
• If the penis ejaculates when it’s inside the vagina, sperm go into the vagina.
• The sperm can swim into the uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes.
• If a sperm meets and joins together with an egg, it’s called fertilisation.
• A fertilised egg may settle in the uterus (womb) and start a pregnancy.
• As well as having sex to make a baby, grown-ups can have sex for pleasure because it feels good to them.
• Sex should only happen when both people feel ready and give consent. This means they agree together that it’s something they want to do.
• People need to be 16 or older to legally agree to have sex.

• During puberty, the testicles start to make sperm.
• Sperm are tiny cells needed to make a baby. They are so small you can’t see them.
• Just a single sperm is needed to join with an egg and start a pregnancy (make a baby). This can happen when a male and female have sexual intercourse or with some help from a doctor.

• Two oval-shaped male body parts that hang behind the penis.
• They’re in a loose, soft sack of skin called the scrotum.
• The testicles are part of the male reproductive system. The reproductive system includes all the body parts that help to make a baby.
• During puberty, the testicles start to make sperm.
• If a sperm joins with an egg, it can start a pregnancy (make a baby). This can happen when a male and a female have sexual intercourse, or with some help from a doctor.
• The testicles are a private body part.

• The tube that carries urine (pee) from the bladder to outside the body.
• In females the opening of the urethra (the bit where pee comes out) is part of the vulva. It’s near the opening of the vagina but is separate from the vagina.
• In males, the opening of the urethra (the bit where pee comes out) is at the tip of the penis.

• The vagina is inside the female body. It is a stretchy tube.
• The opening to the vagina is in the vulva, and links the vulva outside the body to the womb inside.
• The womb is where a baby grows when someone is pregnant.
• Another name for the womb is the uterus.
• The vagina is part of the female reproductive system.
• The vagina has some important jobs.
  • It’s where blood comes out during a period
  • It’s the tube a baby can move down when it’s being born
  • A grown-up can use their vagina for having sexual intercourse
  • If sperm are released during sex, they will travel through the vagina to the womb to try and meet an egg.

• The legal process that transfers all the birth parent’s responsibilities to the adoptive parents.
• The adopted child becomes a new member of the adoptive family
• The adopted child receives the same rights as if they were born into that family.
• The birth parents of the child lose all rights and responsibilities for the child.
• It is better to say ‘was adopted’ than ‘is adopted’”

• To cause an egg to start to develop into a new young animal or plant by joining it with a male cell.
• Once an egg is fertilised by the sperm, it becomes an embryo which grows into a baby.
• Fertilisation is the action or process of fertilising an egg.

• Twins are two babies born from the same pregnancy. There are two types of twins:
• Identical twins: Also known as monozygotic twins, these twins develop from one fertilised egg that splits into two embryos. They share the same genetic information and are always the same sex.
• Fraternal twins: Also known as non-identical twins, these twins develop from two separate eggs that are fertilised by two different sperm. They share half of their genomes, like other siblings, and may or may not be the same sex.

• Sex is something grown-ups can do together by touching each other’s sexual body parts.
• Sexual intercourse is when a person puts their erect penis into another person’s vagina.
• Sexual intercourse is a way for grown-ups to make a baby together.
• If the penis ejaculates when it’s inside the vagina, sperm go into the vagina.
• The sperm can swim into the uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes.
• If a sperm meets and joins together with an egg, it’s called fertilisation.
• A fertilised egg may settle in the uterus (womb) and start a pregnancy.
• As well as having sex to make a baby, grown-ups can have sex for pleasure because it feels good to them.
• Sex should only happen when both people feel ready and give consent. This means they agree together that it’s something they want to do.
• People need to be 16 or older to legally agree to have sex.

• During puberty, the testicles start to make sperm.
• Sperm are tiny cells needed to make a baby. They are so small you can’t see them.
• Just a single sperm is needed to join with an egg and start a pregnancy (make a baby). This can happen when a male and female have sexual intercourse or with some help from a doctor.

• A caesarean is an operation to deliver a baby through a cut made in the mother’s stomach and womb.
• It is recommended as a planned way to deliver the baby or done in an emergency if it’s thought that delivering the baby through the vagina is too risky.
• Some women choose to have a caesarean for non-medical reasons.
• Around 1 in 4 pregnant women in the UK has a caesarean birth.

• To cause an egg to start to develop into a new young animal or plant by joining it with a male cell.
• Once an egg is fertilised by the sperm, it becomes an embryo which grows into a baby.
• Fertilisation is the action or process of fertilising an egg.

• Pregnancy is the time during which a baby grows inside a uterus.
• For humans, pregnancy lasts roughly 40 weeks.

• Pregnancy is split into 3 stages called trimesters.
• Each trimester lasts roughly 3 months.
  • First Trimester (0 to 13 Weeks)
  • Second Trimester (14 to 26 Weeks)
  • Third Trimester (27 to 40 Weeks)
• Each trimester marks the different stages of the development of the foetus.

• The belief that disabled people are not as good as people who are not disabled.
• The unfair treatment of someone because of their disability.

• The right of different groups of people to receive the same treatment.
• Equality is about ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to make the most of their lives and talents.
• Equality is also the belief that no one should have poorer life chances because of the way they were born, where they come from, what they believe, or whether they have a disability.

• The right of different groups of people to receive the same treatment.
• Equality is about ensuring that everyone has an equal opportunity to make the most of their lives and talents.
• Equality is also the belief that no one should have poorer life chances because of the way they were born, where they come from, what they believe, or whether they have a disability.

• Being unable to stop doing something or using something, especially something harmful.
• Smoking can be addictive which means it’s difficult to stop using them and they may harm your health.

• Pouch filled with nicotine powder and other flavourings
• Placed in the mouth, usually under the upper lip to release nicotine into the body
• Considered an alternative to smoking but is not risk-free

• According to the UK Chief Medical Officer (CMO) this means drinking enough on a single occasion to get drunk.
• CMO’s technical definition of binge drinking is drinking 6+ units (women) or 8+ units (men) in a single session.
• Drunkenness can lead to risky behaviour and an increased risk of injury.

• Being unable to stop doing something or using something, especially something harmful
• Drugs can be addictive which means it’s difficult to stop using them and they may harm your health

Class: (currently) Legal

• A chemical found in many foods and drinks that can stimulate the brain and nervous system.
• As of April 2026 the Government is planning to ban the sale of high-caffeine energy drinks to under 16s in England – more info here. The governments in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are considering their own approaches.

• A natural or artificially made chemical people take to change the way they feel, think or behave.
• Legal drugs can be prescribed by doctors as medicine
• Drugs can be taken for pleasure or to improve performance
• Some drugs are illegal – it’s against the law to supply, produce or possess them
• Drugs can be addictive

• Drugs fall into three different categories (classes), Class A, B or C, according to their danger or how harmful they are.
• The prison sentences for drug offences are different for each class of drugs.
• Class A drugs are the most harmful, and will lead to a longer prison sentence.

• Drugs that are not prescribed by a doctor or bought at a pharmacy.
• It is illegal to supply, produce or possess these drugs.

Drugs that can be legally obtained – e.g.

• alcohol and cigarettes
• drugs prescribed by a doctor
• drugs bought at a pharmacy

• The experience of losing someone important to us
• Bereavement affects everyone in different ways, and it’s possible to experience a range of emotions
• There is no right or wrong way to feel

• A feeling such as happiness, love, fear, anger, or hatred.
• These feelings can be caused by the situation that you are in or the people you are with.

• A feeling you experience after a loss. Example losses:
  • Losing a family member or friend
  • End of a relationship
  • Losing a job
  • Moving
  • Decline in the health of yourself or someone else
  • Distressing world events

• Grief looks different for everyone – it may make you feel:
  • Low
  • Tearful
  • Isolated
  • Numb
  • Confused
  • Anxious
  • Angry
  • Overwhelmed
  • Relieved

• Grief can bring up lots of different, complicated emotions, and can sometimes affect our physical health.

• A legal agreement between two people
• It is very similar to a marriage but it is a ‘civil’ (non-religious) way to join two people together

• An agreement or promise to do something in the future or behave in a particular way.
• When people get married, they are making a legal commitment to look after each other

• When two people join together through a legal contract, a religious ceremony, or both.
• It is the formal way for two people to tell the law, family and friends that they are a team.
• When people get married, they make a legal promise to care for another and share things like their home, money and responsibilities